TOPIC
    about_Remote_Troubleshooting

SHORT DESCRIPTION
    Describes how to troubleshoot remote operations in Windows PowerShell.

LONG DESCRIPTION
    This section describes some of the problems that you might encounter when
    using the remoting features of Windows PowerShell that are based on 
    WS-Management technology and it suggests solutions to these problems.

    Before using Windows PowerShell remoting, see about_Remote and
    about_Remote_Requirements for guidance on configuration and basic use Also,
    the Help topics for each of the remoting cmdlets, particularly the parameter
    descriptions, have useful information that is designed to help you avoid
    problems.

    Updated versions of this topic, and other Windows PowerShell help topics, 
    can be found online in the Microsoft TechNet Library. To see the online
    version of this help topic, paste the following URL in your Internet
    browser:

	http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135188
 

    NOTE: On Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and later versions of Windows,
    to view or change settings for the local computer in the WSMan: drive,
    including changes to the session configurations, trusted hosts, ports, or
    listeners, start Windows PowerShell with the "Run as administrator" option. 



 TROUBLESHOOTING PERMISSION AND AUTHENTICATION ISSUES

    This section discusses remoting problems that are related to user and
    computer permissions and remoting requirements.


    HOW TO RUN AS ADMINISTRATOR
    ---------------------------
        ERROR: Access is denied. You need to run this cmdlet from an elevated
        process.

    To start a remote session on the local computer, or to view or change
    settings for the local computer in the WSMan: drive, including changes
    to the session configurations, trusted hosts, ports, or listeners,
    start Windows PowerShell with the "Run as administrator" option. 

    To start Windows PowerShell with the "Run as administrator option:

    -- Right-click a Windows PowerShell (or Windows PowerShell ISE) icon
       and then click "Run as administrator.


    To start Windows PowerShell with the "Run as administrator option in
    Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.

    -- In the Windows taskbar, right-click the Windows PowerShell icon,
       and then click "Run Windows PowerShell as admin."

    Note: In Windows Server 2008 R2, the Windows PowerShell icon is pinned
    to the taskbar by default. 



    HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING
    ----------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED
        - or -
        ERROR: The connection to the remote host was refused. Verify that the
        WS-Management service is running on the remote host and configured to
        listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL. 

    No configuration is required to enable a computer to send remote
    commands. However, to receive remote commands, the computer must be
    configured for remoting. The configuration includes starting the WinRM
    service, setting the startup type for the WinRM service to Automatic,
    creating listeners for HTTP and HTTPS connections, and creating default
    session configurations.

    To configure a computer to receive remote commands, use the 
    Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet. The following command enables all required
    remote settings, enables the session configurations, and restarts the
    WinRM service to make the changes effective. 

        enable-psremoting

    To suppress all user prompts, type:

        enable-psremoting -force

    For more information, see Enable-PSRemoting.



    HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING IN AN ENTERPRISE
    ---------------------------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED
        - or -
        ERROR: The connection to the remote host was refused. Verify that the
        WS-Management service is running on the remote host and configured to
        listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL. 

    To enable a single computer to receive remote Windows PowerShell commands
    and accept connections, use the Enable-PSRemoting cmdlets.

    To enable remoting for multiple computers in an enterprise, you can use the
    following scaled options.

    -- To configure listeners for remoting, enable the "Allow automatic
       configuration of listeners" group policy. For instructions, see 
       "How to Enable Listeners by Using a Group Policy" (below).
 
    -- To set the startup type of the Windows Remote Management (WinRM)
       to Automatic on multiple computers, use the Set-Service cmdlet. For
       instructions, see "How to Set the Startup Type of the WinrM Service"
       (below).

    -- To enable a firewall exception, use the "Windows Firewall: Allow Local
       Port Exceptions" group policy. For instructions, see "How to Create a
       Firewall Exception by Using a Group Policy" (below).

 

    HOW TO ENABLE LISTENERS BY USING A GROUP POLICY
    ------------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED
        - or -
        ERROR: The connection to the remote host was refused. Verify that the
        WS-Management service is running on the remote host and configured to
        listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL.

    To configure the listeners for all computers in a domain, enable the "Allow
    automatic configuration of listeners"  policy in the following Group Policy
    path:

        Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\Windows Components
          \Windows Remote Management (WinRM)\WinRM service

    Enable the policy and specify the IPv4 and IPv6 filters. Wildcards (*) are
    permitted.



    HOW TO ENABLE A FIREWALL EXCEPTION BY USING A GROUP POLICY
    ----------------------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED
        - or -
        ERROR: The connection to the remote host was refused. Verify that the
        WS-Management service is running on the remote host and configured to
        listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL.

    To enable a firewall exception for in all computers in a domain, enable the
    "Windows Firewall: Allow local port exceptions" policy in the following
    Group Policy path:

        Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\Network
          \Network Connections\Windows Firewall\Domain Profile

    This policy allows members of the Administrators group on the computer to
    use Windows Firewall in Control Panel to create a firewall exception for 
    the Windows Remote Management service.



    HOW TO SET THE STARTUP TYPE OF THE WINRM SERVICE
    ------------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED

    Windows PowerShell remoting depends upon the Windows Remote Management
    (WinRM) service. The service must be running to support remote commands.

    On Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2,
    the startup type of the Windows Remote Management (WinRM) service is
    Automatic. 

    However, on Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7, the WinRM service is
    disabled by default. 

    To set the startup type of a service on a remote computer, use the
    Set-Service cmdlet. 

    To run the command on multiple computers, you can create a text file or
    CSV file of the computer names.

    For example, the following commands get a list of computer names from the
    Servers.txt file and then sets the startup type of the WinRM service on all
    of the computers to Automatic.

        C:\PS> $servers = get-content servers.txt

        C:\PS> set-service WinRM -computername $servers -startuptype Automatic

    To see the results use the Get-WMIObject cmdlet with the Win32_Service object.
    For more information, see Set-Service.    

    

    HOW TO RECREATE THE DEFAULT SESSION CONFIGURATIONS
    --------------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED

    To connect to the local computer and run commands remotely, the local
    computer must include session configurations for remote commands.

    When you use Enable-PSRemoting, it creates default session configurations
    on the local computer. Remote users use these session configurations
    whenever a remote command does not include the ConfigurationName parameter.

    If the default configurations on a computer are unregistered or deleted,
    use the Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet to recreate them. You can use this cmdlet
    repeatedly. It does not generate errors if a feature is already configured.

    If you change the default session configurations and want to restore the
    original default session configurations, use the
    Unregister-PSSessionConfiguration cmdlet to delete the changed session
    configurations and then use the Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet to restore them.
    Enable-PSRemoting does not change existing session configurations.

    Note: When Enable-PSRemoting restores the default session configuration, it
    does not create explicit security descriptors for the configurations.
    Instead, the configurations inherit the security descriptor of the RootSDDL,
    which is secure by default.

    To see the RootSDDL security descriptor, type:

        get-item wsman:\localhost\Service\RootSDDL

    To change the RootSDDL, use the Set-Item cmdlet in the WSMan: drive. To
    change the security descriptor of a session configuration, use the
    Set-PSSessionConfiguration cmdlet with the SecurityDescriptorSDDL or
    ShowSecurityDescriptorUI parameters. 

    For more information about the WSMan: drive, see the Help topic for the
    WS-Management provider ("get-help wsman"). 




    HOW TO PROVIDE ADMINISTRATOR CREDENTIALS 
    ----------------------------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED

    To create a PSSession or run commands on a remote computer, by default, the
    current user must be a member of the Administrators group on the remote
    computer. Credentials are sometimes required even when the current user is
    logged on to an account that is a member of the Administrators group.

    If the current user is a member of the Administrators group on the remote
    computer, or can provide the credentials of a member of the Administrators
    group, use the Credential parameter of the New-PSSession, Enter-PSSession
    or Invoke-Command cmdlets to connect remotely.

    For example, the following command provides the credentials of an
    Administrator.

        Invoke-Command -ComputerName Server01 -Credential Domain01\Admin01
 
    For more information about the Credential parameter, see New-PSSession,
    Enter-PSSession or Invoke-Command.



    HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING FOR NON-ADMINISTRATIVE USERS 
    ---------------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED

    To establish a PSSession or run a command on a remote computer, the user
    must have permission to use the session configurations on the remote
    computer. 

    By default, only members of the Administrators group on a computer have
    permission to use the default session configurations. Therefore, only
    members of the Administrators group can connect to the computer remotely.

    To allow other users to connect to the local computer, give the user
    Execute permissions to the default session configurations on the local
    computer.

    The following command opens a property sheet that lets you change the
    security descriptor of the default Microsoft.PowerShell session
    configuration on the local computer.

        Set-PSSessionConfiguration Microsoft.Powershell -ShowSecurityDescriptorUI

    For more information, see about_Session_Configurations.



    HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING FOR ADMINISTRATORS IN OTHER DOMAINS
    ----------------------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  ACCESS IS DENIED

    When a user in another domain is a member of the Administrators group on
    the local computer, the user cannot connect to the local computer remotely
    with Administrator privileges. By default, remote connections from other
    domains run with only standard user privilege tokens. 

    However, you can use the LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy registry entry to
    change the default behavior and allow remote users who are members of the
    Administrators group to run with Administrator privileges. 

    Caution: The LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy entry disables user account
             control (UAC) remote restrictions for all users of all affected
             computers. Consider the implications of this setting carefully
             before changing the policy.
    
    To change the policy, use the following command to set the value of the
    LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy registry entry to 1.

        C:\PS> new-itemproperty -name LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy -path `
            HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System -propertyType `
            DWord -value 1



    HOW TO USE AN IP ADDRESS IN A REMOTE COMMAND
    -----------------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  The WinRM client cannot process the request. If the
        authentication scheme is different from Kerberos, or if the client
        computer is not joined to a domain, then HTTPS transport must be used
        or the destination machine must be added to the TrustedHosts
        configuration setting.

    The ComputerName parameters of the New-PSSession, Enter-PSSession and
    Invoke-Command cmdlets accept an IP address as a valid value. However,
    because Kerberos authentication does not support IP addresses, NTLM
    authentication is used by default whenever you specify an IP address. 

    When using NTLM authentication, the following procedure is required
    for remoting.

    1. Configure the computer for HTTPS transport or add the IP addresses
       of the remote computers to the TrustedHosts list on the local
       computer.

       For instructions, see "How to Add a Computer to the TrustedHosts
       List" below.


    2. Use the Credential parameter in all remote commands.
  
       This is required even when you are submitting the credentials
       of the current user.


   
    HOW TO CONNECT REMOTELY FROM A WORKGROUP-BASED COMPUTER
    -------------------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  The WinRM client cannot process the request. If the
        authentication scheme is different from Kerberos, or if the client
        computer is not joined to a domain, then HTTPS transport must be used
        or the destination machine must be added to the TrustedHosts
        configuration setting.


    When the local computer is not in a domain, the following procedure is required
    for remoting.

    1. Configure the computer for HTTPS transport or add the names of the
       remote computers to the TrustedHosts list on the local computer.

       For instructions, see "How to Add a Computer to the TrustedHosts
       List" below.


    2. Verify that a password is set on the workgroup-based computer. If a
       password is not set or the password value is empty, you cannot run
       remote commands.

       To set password for your user account, use User Accounts in Control
       Panel. 


    3. Use the Credential parameter in all remote commands.
  
       This is required even when you are submitting the credentials
       of the current user.




    HOW TO ADD A COMPUTER TO THE TRUSTED HOSTS LIST
    -----------------------------------------------

    The TrustedHosts item can contain a comma-separated list of computer
    names, IP addresses, and fully-qualified domain names. Wildcards
    are permitted.

    To view or change the trusted host list, use the WSMan: drive. The
    TrustedHost item is in the WSMan:\localhost\Client node.

    Only members of the Administrators group on the computer have permission
    to change the list of trusted hosts on the computer.

    Caution: The value that you set for the TrustedHosts item affects all
             users of the computer.


    To view the list of trusted hosts, use the following command:

        get-item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts

    You can also use the Set-Location cmdlet (alias = cd) to navigate
    though the WSMan: drive to the location. 
    For example: "cd WSMan:\localhost\Client; dir".



    To add all computers to the list of trusted hosts, use the following
    command, which places a value of * (all) in the ComputerName 

        set-item wsman:localhost\client\trustedhosts -value *

    You can also use a wildcard character (*) to add all computers in a
    particular domain to the list of trusted hosts. For example, the following
    command adds all of the computers in the Fabrikam domain to the list of
    trusted hosts.

        set-item wsman:localhost\client\trustedhosts *.fabrikam.com



    To add the names of particular computers to the list of trusted hosts, use
    the following command format:

        set-item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -value <ComputerName>[,<ComputerName>]

    where each value <ComputerName> must have the following format:

        <Computer>.<Domain>.<Company>.<top-level-domain>


    For example:

        set-item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -value Server01.Domain01.Fabrikam.com



    To add a computer name to an existing list of trusted hosts, first save
    the current value in a variable, and then set the value to a
    comma-separated list that includes the current and new values.

    For example, to add the Server01 computer to an existing list of trusted
    hosts, use the following command

        $curValue = (get-item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts).value

        set-item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -value "$curValue, Server01.Domain01.Fabrikam.com"



    To add the IP addresses of particular computers to the list of trusted hosts,
    use the following command format:

        set-item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -value <IP Address>

    For example:

        set-item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -value 172.16.0.0



    To add a computer to the TrustedHosts list of a remote computer, use the
    Connect-WSMan cmdlet to add a node for the remote computer to the WSMan: drive
    on the local computer. Then use a Set-Item command to add the computer.

    For more information about the Connect-WSMan cmdlet, see Connect-WSMan.


 TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER CONFIGURATION ISSUES
    This section discusses remoting problems that are related to particular
    configurations of a computer, domain, or enterprise.


    HOW TO CONFIGURE REMOTING ON ALTERNATE PORTS
    --------------------------------------------
        ERROR:  The connection to the specified remote host was refused. Verify
        that the WS-Management service is running on the remote host and 
        configured to listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL.

    Windows PowerShell remoting uses port 80 for HTTP transport by default. The
    default port is used whenever the user does not specify the ConnectionURI
    or Port parameters in a remote command.

    To change the default port that Windows PowerShell uses, use Set-Item cmdlet
    in the WSMan: drive to change the Port value in the  listener leaf node.

    For example, the following command changes the default port to 8080.

        set-item wsman:\localhost\listener\listener*\port -value 8080



    HOW TO CONFIGURE REMOTING WITH A PROXY SERVER
    ---------------------------------------------
        ERROR: The client cannot connect to the destination specified in the
        request. Verify that the service on the destination is running and is
        accepting requests. 


    Because Windows PowerShell remoting uses the HTTP protocol, it is affected
    by HTTP proxy settings. In enterprises that have proxy servers, users
    cannot access a Windows PowerShell remote computer directly.

    To resolve this problem, use proxy setting options in your remote command.
    The following settings are available:

        --  ProxyAccessType
        --  ProxyAuthentication
        --  ProxyCredential

    To set these options for a particular command, use the following procedure:

        1. Use the ProxyAccessType, ProxyAuthentication, and ProxyCredential
           parameters of the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet to create a session
           option object with the proxy settings for your enterprise. Save the
           option object is a variable.

        2. Use the variable that contains the option object as the value of the
           SessionOption parameter of a New-PSSession, Enter-PSSession, or
           Invoke-Command command.


    For example, the following command creates a session option object with
    proxy session options and then uses the object to create a remote session.

        C:\PS> $SessionOption = New-PSSessionOption -ProxyAccessType IEConfig `
                -ProxyAuthentication Negotiate -ProxyCredential Domain01\User01

        C:\PS> New-PSSession -ConnectionURI https://www.fabrikam.com

    For more information about the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet, see
    New-PSSessionOption.

    To set these options for all remote commands in the current session, use
    the option object that New-PSSessionOption creates in the value of the
    $PSSessionOption preference variable. For more information about the
    $PSSessionOption preference variable, see about_Preference_Variables.

    To set these options for all remote commands all Windows PowerShell sessions
    on the local computer, add the $PSSessionOption preference variable to your
    Windows PowerShell profile. For more information about Windows PowerShell
    profiles, see about_Profiles.
 


    HOW TO DETECT A 32-BIT SESSION ON A 64-BIT COMPUTER
    ---------------------------------------------------
        ERROR: The term "<tool-name>" is not recognized as the name of a cmdlet,
        function, script file, or operable program. Check the spelling of the
        name, or if a path was included, verify that the path is correct and try
        again.


    If the remote computer is running a 64-bit version of Windows, and the
    remote command is using a 32-bit session configuration, such as
    Microsoft.PowerShell32, Windows Remote Management (WinRM) loads a WOW64
    process and Windows automatically redirects all references to the
    %Windir%\System32 directory to the %windir%\SysWOW64 directory. 

    As a result, if you try to use tools in the System32 directory that do
    not have counterparts in the SysWow64 directory, such as Defrag.exe,
    the tools cannot be found in the directory.

    To find the processor architecture that is being used in the session,
    use the value of the PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE environment variable. The
    following command finds the processor architecture of the session in the
    $s variable.


        C:\PS> $s = new-pssession -computername Server01 -configurationName CustomShell

        C:\PS> invoke-command -session $s {$env:PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE}
        x86


    For more information about session configurations, see
    about_session_configurations.


 TROUBLESHOOTING POLICY AND PREFERENCE ISSUES
    This section discusses remoting problems that are related to policies and
    preferences set on the local and remote computers.


    HOW TO CHANGE THE EXECUTION POLICY FOR IMPORT-PSSESSION AND IMPORT-MODULE 
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
        ERROR: Import-Module: File <filename> cannot be loaded because the
        execution of scripts is disabled on this system.

    The Import-PSSession and Export-PSSession cmdlets create modules that
    contains unsigned script files and formatting files. 

    To import the modules that are created by these cmdlets, either by using
    Import-PSSession or Import-Module, the execution policy in the current
    session cannot be Restricted or AllSigned. (For information about Windows
    PowerShell execution policies, see about_Execution_Policies.

    To import the modules without changing the execution policy for the local
    computer that is set in the registry, use the Scope parameter of
    Set-ExecutionPolicy to set a less restrictive execution policy for a single
    process.

    For example, the following command starts a process with the RemoteSigned
    execution policy. The execution policy change affects only the current
    process and does not change the Windows PowerShell ExecutionPolicy registry
    setting.

        set-executionpolicy -scope process -executionpolicy RemoteSigned

    You can also use the ExecutionPolicy parameter of PowerShell.exe to start
    a single session with a less restrictive execution policy. 

        powershell.exe -executionpolicy RemoteSigned

    For more information about the cmdlets, see Import-PSSession,
    Export-PSSession, and Import-Module. For more information about
    execution policies, see about_Execution_Policies. For more information
    about the PowerShell.exe console help options, type "powershell.exe -?".


    HOW TO SET AND CHANGE QUOTAS
    ----------------------------
        ERROR: The total data received from the remote client exceeded allowed
        maximum.

    You can use quotas to protect the local computer and the remote computer
    from excessive resource use, both accidental and malicious. 

    The following quotas are available in the basic configuration.

    -- The WS-Management provider (WSMan:) provides several quota settings,
       such as the MaxEnvelopeSizeKB and MaxProviderRequests settings in the
       WSMan:\<ComputerName> node and the MaxConcurrentOperations,
       MaxConcurrentOperationsPerUser, and MaxConnections settings in the 
       WSMan:\<ComputerName>\Service node.

    -- You can protect the local computer by using the
       MaximumReceivedDataSizePerCommandMB and MaximumReceivedObjectSizeMB
       parameters of the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet and the $PSSessionOption
       preference variable.

    -- You can protect the remote computer by adding restrictions to the session
       configurations, such as by using the MaximumReceivedDataSizePerCommandMB
       and MaximumReceivedObjectSizeMB parameters of the
       Register-PSSessionConfiguration cmdlet.

    When quotas conflict with a command, Windows PowerShell generates an error. 

    To resolve the error, change the remote command to comply with the quota.
    Or, determine the source of the quota, and then increase the quota to allow 
    the command to complete.

    For example, the following command increases the object size quota in the
    Microsoft.PowerShell session configuration on the remote computer from 10 MB
    (the default value) to 11 MB. 

        Set-PSSessionConfiguration -name microsoft.powershell ` 
            -MaximumReceivedObjectSizeMB 11 -Force


    For more information about the New-PSSsessionOption cmdlet, see
    New-PSSessionOption.

    For more information about the WS-Management quotas, see the Help topic for
    the WS-Management provider (type "get-help WSMan").



    HOW TO RESOLVE TIMEOUT ERRORS
    -----------------------------
        ERROR: The WS-Management service cannot complete the operation within
        the time specified in OperationTimeout.

    You can use timeouts to protect the local computer and the remote computer
    from excessive resource use, both accidental and malicious. When timeouts
    are set on both the local and remote computer, Windows PowerShell uses the
    shortest timeout settings.

    The following timeouts are available in the basic configuration.

    -- The WS-Management provider (WSMan:) provides several client-side and
       service-side timeout settings, such as the MaxTimeoutms setting in the
       WSMan:\<ComputerName> node and the EnumerationTimeoutms and
       MaxPacketRetrievalTimeSeconds settings in the 
       WSMan:\<ComputerName>\Service node.
 
    -- You can protect the local computer by using the CancelTimeout, IdleTimeout,
       OpenTimeout, and OperationTimeout parameters of the New-PSSessionOption
       cmdlet and the $PSSessionOption preference variable.

    -- You can also protect the remote computer by setting timeout values
       programmatically in the session configuration for the session.

    When a timeout value does not permit a operation to complete, Windows
    PowerShell terminates the operation and generates an error. 

    To resolve the error, change the command to complete within the timeout
    interval or determine the source of the timeout limit and increase the
    timeout interval to allow the command to complete.

    For example, the following commans use the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet to
    create a session option object with an OperationTimeout value of 4 minutes
    (in MS) and then use the session option object to create a remote session. 

        C:\PS> $pso = new-pssessionoption -operationtimeout 240000

        C:\PS> new-pssession -computername Server01 -sessionOption $pso

    For more information about the WS-Management timeouts, see the Help topic for
    the WS-Management provider (type "get-help WSMan").

    For more information about the New-PSSsessionOption cmdlet, see
    New-PSSessionOption.


 TROUBLESHOOTING UNRESPONSIVE BEHAVIOR

 This section discusses remoting problems that prevent a command from completing
 and prevent or delay the return of the Windows PowerShell prompt.


    HOW TO INTERRUPT A COMMAND
    --------------------------
    Some native Windows programs, such as programs with a user interface, console
    applications that prompt for input, and console applications that use the
    Win32 console API, do not work correctly in the Windows PowerShell remote host.  

    When you use these programs, you might see unexpected behavior, such as no
    output, partial output, or a remote command that does not complete.

    To end an unresponsive program, type CTRL + C. To view any errors that might
    have been reported, type "$error" in the local host and the remote session.




SEE ALSO
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135188
    about_remote
    about_remote_requirements